What does ATP stand for in biology?

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the primary energy currency of the cell, made of adenosine (adenine + ribose) and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate bond breaks (ATP → ADP + Pi), approximately 30.5 kJ/mol of energy is released.

Why is the mitochondria called the powerhouse of the cell?

The mitochondria is called the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration. It has a double membrane, and the inner membrane is folded into cristae where oxidative phosphorylation takes place. Mitochondria also contain their own DNA, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Each turn of the cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (GTP), and 2 CO₂. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).

What is glycolysis in biology?

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose (6-carbon) into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon) in the cytoplasm, without the need for oxygen. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

The overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (approximately 36–38 ATP). The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields around 36 to 38 ATP molecules.

Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

Insulin is secreted by the Beta (β) cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and glycogen synthesis. Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon, which raises blood glucose.

What causes diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is caused by deficiency or resistance to insulin. Type 1 diabetes results from immune destruction of beta cells (insulin deficiency). Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance where cells do not respond to insulin. Both lead to hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose).

Which process produces the most ATP in aerobic respiration?

Oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain + ATP synthase) produces the most ATP — approximately 32 to 34 out of the total 36–38 ATP per glucose molecule. Glycolysis yields only 2 ATP and the Krebs cycle yields 2 ATP directly.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which glucose is synthesised from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and pyruvate. It occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys, and is activated during fasting to maintain blood glucose levels.

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis (translation) in all cells. They read messenger RNA (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes and eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.

Life Science Gk Mock Test Set 3 – Cell Biology & Metabolism | RRB NTPC Group D | TopperIQ

Life Science Mock Test Set 3 – Cell Biology & Metabolism | RRB NTPC Group D | TopperIQ

Life Science Mock Test — Set 3

Life Science · Biology · 25 Questions · 12 Min

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Life Science Mock Test — Set 3

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